Arithmetic is probably the least appreciated of the seven liberal arts and sciences.  But what is it, and why is it important to Masons?  Arithmetic is the study of numbers.  More particularly, the operations performed on them: adding, subtracting, multiplying and dividing.  It is the beginning of number theory – a branch of pure mathematics focused on the study of integers (natural numbers) and integer-value functions.  If that sounds a little elementary to you, you’re right.  Traditionally, we are exposed to arithmetic at a very early age.  We typically begin to learn these mathematical concepts at home before a more formal exposure in elementary school. 

Arithmetic is where logical analysis and problem-solving starts. That is why it is a foundational element of the educational model today.  It’s so critical that throughout history, humans have created tools to help us understand and perform arithmetic functions.  One of the earliest examples, the Sumerian abacus, has been dated between 2700 and 2300 B.C.  While the elements of a “basic” or “well-rounded” education have varied widely throughout history, the “quadrivium,” or the “four scientific arts” (music, arithmetic, geometry, and astronomy) have been included since the days of Ancient Greece. In addition to the instructive aspect of arithmetic in logic and problem-solving, it has clear practical applications.  Arithmetic allows one to make reasonable assumptions, even without an abacus.  For example, in estimating the amount of money in your accounts, comparing the amount of time one project will take versus another, or even looking at a clock and telling time.  As Masons, we are taught that Geometry is the most important of the liberal arts and sciences, because of what it can do for us and tell us.  It’s important to note, however, Geometry probably wouldn’t exist without its predecessor, arithmetic.